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CPHEEO Latest Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment Systems Part A Engineering
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Over the years, there has been a continuous migration of people from rural and semi-urban areasto cities and towns. The proportion of population residing in urban areas has increased from 27.8%in 2001 to 31.2 % in 2011. The number of towns has increased from 5,161 in 2001 to 7,935 in2011. The uncontrolled growth in urban areas has left many Indian cities deficient in infrastructureservices as water supply, sewerage, storm water drainage and solid waste management.

Sewerage and sewage treatment is a part of public health and sanitation and according to the IndianConstitution, falls within the purview of the State List. Since this is non-exclusive and essential, theresponsibility for providing the services lies within the public domain. The activity being of a localnature is entrusted to the ULBs, which undertake the task of sewerage and sewage treatment servicedelivery, with its own staff, equipment and funds. In a few cases, part of the said work is contractedout to private enterprises. Cities and towns, which have sewerage and sewage treatment facilitiesare unable to cope-up with the increased burden of providing such facilities efficiently to the desiredlevel. Issues and constraints that are encountered by the ULBs responsible for providing sewerageand sanitation facilities are compounded due to various reasons. The main cause of water pollutionis the unintended disposal of untreated, partly treated and non-point sources of sewage and moreimportant is its effect on human health and environment.

The reasons for the above cited position are:
1. Almost all local bodies not being financially resourceful to self-generate the required capital fundsand looking up to the State and Central Governments for outright grant assistance

2. Lack of institutional arrangements and capacity building to conceive planning, implementation,procurement of materials, operate and maintain the sewerage system and sewage treatmentplants (STP) at the desired level of efficiency

3. The fact that the collected sewage terminates far away beyond the boundaries of the ULB and isan “out of sight, out of mind” syndrome

4. The high cost of infrastructure investment, continual replacement and on-going O&M costs ofcentralized sewerage system (CSS) facilities take these systems beyond the financial grasp ofalmost any ULB in the country

5. It is also necessary to recognize that the practice of piped sewer collection is an inheritancefrom advanced countries with high water usages, which permit adequate flushing velocities. Dueto their high per capita water supply rates, the night-soil does not settle in pipes and hence nochoking and no sulphide gas generation. Whereas, in the Indian scenario, the per capita watersupply is low and inequitable in many cities and that too intermittent and this results in settlingdown of night-soil in the sewers, choking, gasification, etc., which necessitates very often theextreme remedies of cutting open the roads to access and break open the pipes for rectificationand so on.

Need for Safe Sanitation System
Sanitation can be perceived as the conditions and processes relating to people’s health, especially the systems that supply water and deal with the human waste. Such a task would logically cover other matters such as solid wastes, industrial and other special / hazardous wastes and storm water drainage. However, the most potent of these pollutants is the sewage.
When untreated sewage accumulates and is allowed to become septic, the decomposition of itsorganic matter leads to nuisance conditions including the production of malodorous gases. Inaddition, untreated sewage contains numerous pathogens that dwell in the human intestine tract.
Sewage also contains nutrients, which can stimulate the growth of aquatic plants and may containtoxic compounds or compounds that are potentially mutagenic or carcinogenic.
For these reasons, the immediate and nuisance-free removal of sewage from its sources of generation followed by treatment, reuse or dispersal into the environment in an eco-friendly manneris necessary to protect public health and environment.

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