Electrical Resistivity Methods of Groundwater Exploration

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BASIC PRINCIPLE
Groundwater, through the various dissolved salts it contains, is ionically conductive and enables electric currents to flow into the ground. Consequently, measuring the ground resistivity gives the possibility to identify the presence of water, taking in consideration the following properties:
• a hard rock without pores or fracture and a dry sand without water or clay are very resistive: several tens thousands ohm.m
• a porous or fractured rock bearing free water has a resistivity which depends on the resistivity of the water and on the porosity of the rock (see below): several tens to several thousands ohm.m
• an impermeable clay layer, which has bound water, has a low resistivity: several units to several tens ohm.m
• mineral orebodies (iron, sulphides, …) have very low resistivities due to their electronic conduction: usually lower or much lower than 1 ohm.m


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