MSc. Botany from DU syllabus for Exams?

Sashwat · #11 March 12th, 2014, 11:02 AM

University of Delhi offers courses at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. It is ranked first amongst universities in India.

As you required for the DU syllabus for MSc. Botany, here is the same:

I. SEMESTER I
1. CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Introduction to modern tools and techniques of cell biology: advances in light and electron
microscopy, techniques supplementing microscopy (cytochemistry, microprobe analysis, x-ray
diffraction, etc.), Cell fractionation and visualization/characterization of various cell fractions.

Cell components and their functions: Dynamic structure, functions and biogenesis of cell
wall and plasma membrane; new insights in structure and function of cytoplasmic cell
organelles and biopolymers; nucleus; its components, chromatin structure in eukaryotes,
condensation and packaging of DNA in prokaryotes, their dynamic state and role in gene
regulation; structure and function of plant cytoskeletal genes and gene products; protein sorting
and intracellular trafficking.

Cell multiplication and turnover: cell cycle and apoptosis
Gene structure, regulation and expression in eukaryotes: Gene and promoter architecture,
cistrons, regulatory sequences, enhancers and their mechanism of action, DNA replication;
transcription - RNA polymerases, transcription factors, Introns, RNA splicing, alternative
splicing, RNA stability - cap structure and function, polyadenylation; translation, posttranslational
modifications.
Organellar genomes: Organization and function of mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes,
diversity and evolution of organelle genomes, chloroplast protein targeting to different
compartments, mitochondrial DNA and male sterility, transfer of genes between nucleus and
organelles.

PRACTICALS:
1. To exemplify the use of phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy in plant biology by
studying phase objects and autofluorescent specimens or those stained with
fluorochromes, such as, carbofluorescein diacetate, aniline blue, calcofluor white, Evans
blue and neutral red.
2. Isolation and purification of nuclei and their staining with Feulgen stain or DAPI.
3. Isolation of mitochondria and their visualization with Janus green B and mitotracker.
4. Isolation of chloroplasts and determination of number of chlorophyll molecules per
chloroplast.
5. Comparing the effect of some physical and chemical factors on the efficiency of
photosynthetic electron transport.
6. To study the effect of inhibitors and uncouplers on the activity of succinic dehydrogenase,
a marker enzyme of mitochondria.
7. In situ visualization of microfilaments and microtubules by fluorescent labeling.
8. In silico analysis (sequence comparison) of mitochondrial and chloroplast genes for
identification of the loci for interspecific discrimination.
9. Molecular characterization of GUS-actin constructs in Arabidopsis thaliana using
microscopy and PCR.
10. Multiple sequence alignment and ontology based database searches on selected plant
cytoskeletal genes to deciphering the molecular phylogeny of cytoskeleton genes.
11. Immunostaining of nuclei, chloroplast and/or mitochondria.

SUGGESTED READINGS:
1. Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff Martin, Roberts K and Walter P. (2007) Molecular
Biology of the Cell. Garland Publ., New York.
2. Bonifacino JS, Dasso M, Harford JB, Liipincott-Schwartz J and Yamada KM. (2004) Short
Protocols in Cell Biology. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey.
3. Bregman AA (1987) Laboratory Investigations in Cell Biology. John Wiley & Sons, New
York.
4. Hawes C and Satiat-Jeunemaitre B (2001) Plant Cell Biology: Practical Approach. Oxford
University Press, Oxford.
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5. Hirt RP and Horner DS (2004) Organelles, Genomes and Eukaryote Phylogeny: An
evolutionary synthesis in the age of genomics. CRC Press.
6. Karp G. (2008) Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. John Wiley &
Sons.
7. Lodisch H, Berk A, Kaiser CA, Krieger M, Scott MP, Bretscher A, Ploegh H and Matsudaire
P (2008) Molecular Cell Biology. WH Freeman & Co., New York.
8. Ruzin SE (1999) Plant Microtechnique and Microscopy. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.
9. Wischnitzer S. (1989) Introduction to Electron Microscopy. Pergamon Press, New York.

2. GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS
Microbial Genetics: Viral and bacterial genomes and derived vectors; Recombination in
viruses and bacteria (transformation, conjugation and transduction); Fine structure of gene;
Prokaryotic gene regulation; Fungal genetics – mating types and genetic exchange,
heterokaryosis, parasexual cycle.

Mendelian and Non-Mendelian Inheritance: Meiosis; Chromosome theory of inheritance;
Mendelian laws; Gene interactions; Organelle inheritance.

Eukaryotic Genome: Evolution, structure and organization; Gene regulation.

Recombination in Eukaryotes: Linkage and crossing over: basic concepts, linkage maps,
correlation of genetic and physical maps, molecular markers and construction of linkage maps;
Molecular mechanism of recombination; QTL mapping.

Mutation: Basic concept, spontaneous and induced mutations, allele theory, physical and
chemical mutagens; Molecular basis of mutations; Transposons and their use in mutagenesis
and gene tagging in plant systems; Oncogenes and cancer.

Concepts in: Developmental genetics; Behavioral genetics; Population genetics and
Quantitative genetics.

Cytogenetics: Chromosome: Structure and nomenclature, centromere and telomere; Sex
determination: mechanisms, sex chromosomes; Chromosomal aberrations: Duplications,
4
deficiencies/deletions, inversions, interchanges/translocations; Role of chromosomal
aberrations in crop evolution; Ploidy changes: Haploids, polyploids and aneuploids; Genome
analysis in crop plants; Molecular Cytogenetics: FISH, GISH, FIBER-FISH, Flow Cytogenetics,
Flow karyotyping, Applications of molecular cytogenetics

PRACTICALS:
1. Preparation of mitotic and meiotic spreads and analysis of various stages of cell division
(Phlox, Allium and Rhoeo).
2. Extraction of genomic DNA from plants by CTAB method.
3. Analysis of molecular polymorphism in parental lines and derived mapping population
using different types of molecular markers.
4. Construction of a linkage map using available data.
5. Mutagenesis experiments in E. coli.
6. Experiments in Neurospora / Drosophila genetics.

SUGGESTED READINGS:
1. Acquaah G (2007). Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
USA.
2. Allard RW (1999). Principles of Plant Breeding (2nd Edition), John Wiley and Sons.
3. Hartl DL and Jones EW (2007). Genetics – Analysis of Genes and Genomes, 7th edition,
Jones and Barlett publishers.
4. Hartwell LH, Hood L, Goldberg ML, Reynolds AE, Silver LM, Veres RC (2006). Genetics –
From Genes to Genomes, 3rd edition, McGraw Hill.
5. Lewin B (2008). Genes IX, Jones and Barlett Publishers.
6. Singh RJ (2002). Plant Cytogenetics, 2nd edition, CRC Press.
7. Smartt J and Simmonds NW (1995). Evolution of Crop Plants (2nd Edition) Longman.
8. Strickberger MW (2008). Genetics, 3rd Edition, Pearson (Prentice Hall).
9. Weising K, Nybom H, Wolff K and Kahl G (2005) DNA Fingerprinting in Plants: Principles,
Methods and Applications, 2nd ed. Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL.

3. PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
Protein structure: Hierarchical structure of proteins; folding; ticketing; degradation;
purification, detection and functional characterization; sequence alignments; molecular motors
and pumps.

Enzymes and bioenergetics: Application of principles of thermodynamics in biology; origin
and evolution of biocatalytic reactions; significance of ribozymes; abzymes; artificial enzymes;
enzyme technology; regulation of enzymatic activity; evolution of electron transport chain and
its coupling to ATP synthesis; bioelectricity, photosynthesis and respiration.

Signal Transduction: Overview, second messengers, receptors and G-proteins, phospholipid
signaling, role of cyclic nucleotides, calcium-calmodulin cascade, diversity in protein kinases
and phosphatases, specific signaling mechanisms and their regulation, e.g. simple and hybrid
type of two-component sensor-regulator system in bacteria and plants (examples of
chemotaxis, osmosensing, ethylene and cytokinin signaling), quorum sensing.

Sensory Photobiology: Structure, function and mechanisms of action of phytochromes,
cryptochromes and phototropins; stomatal movement; scotomorphogenesis and
photomorphogenesis.

Molecular Basis of intercellular and intracellular uptake and transport of water, ions and
macromolecules: Apoplastic and symplastic transport mechanisms, role of aquaporins and
transporter proteins, structure-function relationship of inward and outward ion channels, dual
action of ATPases/pumps and modulation of their activity, specialized mechanisms for
phosphorus and iron uptake, monitoring of ion channel activity.

Plant hormones and other growth regulators: Concept of hormones as chemical
messengers, techniques for detection and quantitation of plant hormone, classical approaches
and use of mutants in understanding hormone actions, hormones in defense against abiotic
and biotic stresses, synthetic regulatory compounds and their uses.

Physiology of plant reproduction: Reproductive strategies in higher plants and their
significance. Sexual and non-sexual modes. Flowering as a multi-organ function, floral

induction, evocation and development. Regulation of flowering by light and temperature. Role
of circadian rhythm. Involvement of hormones. Genetic, molecular and biotechnological
aspects. Manipulation of flowering and floriculture. Vegetative propagation with special
reference to epiphyllous budding.

PRACTICALS:
1. In vivo assay for nitrate reductase in leaf tissues.
2. Comparative assessment of methods for protein quantitation.
3. Study of enzyme kinetics for determination of Km value, nature of inhibition –
competitive/non competitive.
4. Study of enzyme kinetics for effect of time/ enzyme concentration/ pH.
5. Extraction of proteins from plant tissue and their quantitative (Bradford’s) and qualitative
(SDS, PAGE gel) analysis.
6. Detection of phosphoproteins in plant (Brassica) extract by pro Q diamond staining.
7. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of photosynthetic pigments and anthocyanins by
spectrophotometric and chromatographic techniques.
8. PAGE analysis of pigment-protein complexes from chloroplasts.
SUGGESTED READINGS:
1. Ainsworth C (2006) Flowering and its Manipulation, Annual Plant Reviews, Vol. 20.
Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, U.K.
2. Brown TA. (2002) Genomes, BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd, Oxford, UK.
3. Buchanan B, Gruissem G and Jones R. (2000) Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of
Plants, American Society of Plant Physiologists, USA.
4. Davies P J. (2004) Plant Hormones: Biosynthesis, Signal Transduction, Action. 3rd Edition,
Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
5. Jordan BR. (2006) The Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Flowering, 2nd Edition,
CAB International, Oxfordshire, U.K.
6. Lodish H, Berk A, Kaiser CA and Krieger M. (2008) Molecular Cell Biology, 6th Edition,
W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, USA.
7. Nelson DL and Cox MM. (2004) Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 4th Edition, W.H.
Freeman and Company, New York, USA.
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8. Taiz L and Zeiger E. (2006) Plant Physiology, 4th Edition, Sinauer Associates Inc.
Publishers, Massachusetts, USA.

4. RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY AND PROTEOMICS
Principles and tools of recombinant DNA technology: Restriction and nucleic acid
modifying enzymes; restriction mapping; Principles of gel electrophoresis; choice of vectors;
plasmids, phages, cosmids, plant viruses, synthetic DNA vectors; cDNA and genomic libraries;
Isolation of specific genes from bacteria and higher plants; cloning; PCR and its applications;
Principles of DNA sequencing.

Proteomics: Comparative account of translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, post
translational modifications, Use of vectors for over-expression of proteins, Protein
extraction/purification techniques viz., electrophoresis and column chromatography,
Introduction to proteome and proteomics and its relevance/significance in the post genomic
era, Proteomics as a tool for plant genetics, breeding and diversity studies.

PRACTICALS:
1. E. coli growth curve
2. Preparation of competent cells and transformation of E. coli (chemical/electroporation
method)
3. Plasmid DNA isolation, quantification and agarose gel electrophoresis.
4. Restriction digestion, elution and cloning in E. coli.
5. PCR
6. Preparation of protein extracts from E. coli, quantification and SDS-PAGE analysis.
7. Inducible expression of proteins in E. coli
8. ELISA
9. Southern Hybridization
10. Yeast transformation
11. RNA extraction and preparation of cDNA.

SUGGESTED READINGS:

1. Buchanan B, Gruissem G and Jones R (2000). Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of
Plants, American Society of Plant Physiologists, USA.
2. Harlow and Lane D (Eds.) (1988). Antibodies – A Laboratory Manual; Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory, USA.
3. Lieber DC (2006). Introduction to Proteomics: Tools for New Biology; Humana Press, NJ.
4. Pennington SR, Dunn MJ (Eds.) (2002). Proteomics: From Protein Sequence to Function,
BIOS Scientific Publishers, United Kingdom.
5. Sambrook J and Russell DW (2001). Molecular Cloning – A Laboratory Manual, Vols I – III,
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, USA.
6. Singer M and Berg P (1991). Genes and Genomes: A Changing Perspective; University
Science Books, CA, USA.

II. SEMESTER II
1. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
Section A: Plant Diversity
Algae: Habitat diversity, thallus organization, cell structure and reproduction.

Archegoniatae: Comparative morphology and developmental anatomy of Hepaticae,
Anthocerotae and Musci; comparative anatomy of vegetative organs of Pteridophytes; study of
stem apex, leaf initiation and early leaf ontogeny in ferns; development of long and short
shoots, origin and pattern of development of cortex, pith and procambium in conifers.

Vascular plants: Meristems; patterns of cell fate, determination and lineage in root and shoot;
leaf growth and differentiation; secondary growth; wood development and its diversity; cambial
variants; ultrastructure and control of xylem and phloem differentiation; secretory ducts and
laticifers; flower, seed and fruit anatomy; patterns of evolution in seed; anatomical adaptations
for special habitats, biotic and abiotic stresses; Applications (in brief) of anatomical studies in
systematics, archaeology, climate studies, pharmacology, forensic sciences and biomedical
research.

Section B: Reproductive Biology
Development of flower: Transition to flowering - vegetative to reproductive evocation, floral
homeotic mutations in Arabidopsis, Antirrhinum and Petunia, axis development in flower,
gender expression in monoecious and dioecious plants.

Developmental biology of male and female gametophytes: Regulation of anther and ovule
development, microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis, megasporogenesis and
megagametogenesis, male sterility- mechanisms and applications, pollen embryogenesis.

Pollen-pistil interaction: In vivo and in vitro pollen germination, pollen tube growth and
guidance, double fertilization, self-compatibility mechanisms, incongruity.

Embryogenesis and seed development: Polarity during embryogenesis, pattern mutants, in
vitro fertilization, endosperm development, apomixis, polyembryony, somatic embryogenesis.

PRACTICALS:
1. Study of thallus structures of different groups of algae through preparation of whole
mounts and sections.
2. Study of morphology and anatomy of thalloid and leafy forms of Bryophytes; Study of
Protonema
3. Study of fern gametophyte and soral variations
4. Comparative anatomy of conifers and gnetales.
5. Study of apical meristems with the help of dissections, whole mount preparations,
sections and permanent slides.
6. Origin and development of epidermal structures (trichomes, glands and lenticels).
7. Study of xylem and phloem elements using maceration, staining, light and electron
micrographs (xerophytes, hydrophytes and halophytes).
8. Study of secretory structures (nectaries and laticifers).
9. Study of secondary growth (normal and unusual) of selected woods with the help of
wood microtome and permanent slides.
10. Study of the stages of pollen and ovule development in the wild and mutant plants using
permanent slides, electron micrograph and available phenotypes.
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11. Pollen in vitro germination methods: Sitting drop culture, suspension culture, surface
culture.
12. Correlation between fertility (stainability), viability (TTC and FDA staining) and
germinability (in vitro) of pollen grains.
13. Assessment of stigma receptivity by localizing peroxidases, non-specific esterases and
phosphatases.
14. Aniline blue fluorescence method to localize pollen tubes to study different aspects of
pollen-pistil interaction.
15. Use of DNA fluorochromes to localize nuclei during pollen and ovule development.
16. Study of post-fertilization stage with the help of permanent slides and electron
micrographs.
17. Dissection of embryo and endosperm.

SUGGESTED READINGS:
1. Anderson RA (2005) Algal Culturing Techniques. Physiological Society of America.
Elsevier Academic Press, USA.
2. Bhatnagar SP and Moitra A (2005) Gymnosperms. New Age Interactive (P) Ltd.
Publishers, New Delhi.
3. Carlquist S (2001). Comparative Wood Anatomy, Springer-Verlag, Germany.
5. Cutler DF (1978). Applied Plant Anatomy, Longman, United Kindom
6. Cutter EG (1978) Plant Anatomy, Part I & II, Edward Arnold, United Kingdom.
7. Dickinson WC (2000). Integrative Plant Anatomy, Harcourt Academic Press, USA.
8. Fahn A (1974) Plant Anatomy, Pergmon Press, USA & UK.
9. Fosket DE. (1994) Plant, Growth and Development: A Molecular Approach, Academic
Press.
10. Fritsch FE (1935, 1945). The Structure and Reproduction of Algae Vols. I and II.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
11. Hopkins WG. (2006). The Green World: Plant Development, Chelsea House Publication
12. Howell SH. (1998) Molecular Genetics of Plant Development, Cambridge University Press.
13. Leyser O and Day S (2003) Mechanism of Plant Development, Blackwell Press
14. Mauseth JD (1988). Plant Anatomy, The Benjamin/ Cummings Publisher, USA
15. Nair MNB (1998). Wood Anatomy and Major Uses of Wood, Faculty of Forestry, University
of Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.
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16. Parihar NS (1993) An Introduction to Embryophyta: Vol I – Bryophyta, Vol II –
Pteridophyta, Central Book Dept. Allahabad.
17. Raghavan V (2000) Developmental Biology of Flowering Plants, Springer, Netherlands
18. Raghavan V (1997). Molecular Embryology of Flowering Plants. Cambridge. University
Press.
19. Richards AJ (1986) Plant Breeding System, George Allen and Unwin.
20. Shivanna KR (2003) Pollen Biology and Biotechnology, Science Publishers.

2. SYSTEMATICS, EVOLUTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Systematics and Evolutionary Biology: History of developments in taxonomy: Linnaean to
post-Linnaean era; Systematics - concepts and components; Botanical Nomenclature;
Evolutionary ecology-concepts and principles; Microevolution - theory and concepts; Species
and speciation; Phylogenetic systematics; Macroevolution - inferring phylogenies; Diversity and
classification of flowering plants; Taxonomic evidence - structural and biochemical; Molecular
systematics; Diversity and classification of flowering plants; Biological diversity-concepts and
applications; Diversity- patterns, indices and applications.

Environmental Science: Introduction to Environmental Science and Sustainability,
Environmental laws, Ecosystems and living organisms, Major ecosystems of the world and
India, Human health and environmental change, Population issues, the search for fuels, natural
resources and their management, applications of GIS and RS technology in environmental
studies, the future of planet earth.

PRACTICALS:
1. Live plants/ Herbarium specimens of the following families will be provided in the class for
description and identification (classification based on APG II, 2003): Basal Angiosperm
and Magnoliids: Monocots: Commelinids: Basal Eudicots and Caryophyllids:
Ranunculaceae, Rosids: Asterids.
2. Techniques in molecular systematics.
3. Phylogenetic analyses using PAUP.
4. Local flora study
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5. Basics of GIS, Remote sensing data – visual and digital interpretation for vegetation types,
delineation of ecosystems using RS and GIS technology, temporal dynamics and models.

SUGGESTED READINGS:
1. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2003) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. Botanical Journal of
the Linnaean Society 141: 399-436.
2. Cracknell AP, Hayes L (2009) Introduction to Remote Sensing. CRC Press, Boca Raton,
USA (Special Indian Edition)
3. Crawford DJ (2003) Plant Molecular Systematics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
UK.
4. Cronquist A (1981). An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. Columbia
University Press, New York.
5. Hollingsworth PM, Bateman RM and Gornall RJ (1999). Molecular systematics and Plant
Evolution. Taylor and Francis, London.
6. Judd WS, Campbell CS, Kellogg EA, Stevens PA and Donoghue MJ (2002) Plant
Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach. Sinauer Associaes, Inc., Massachusetts.
7. Nei M and Kumar S (2000) Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics. Oxford University
Press, New York.
8. Raven PH, Begr LR, Hassenzahl DM (2008) Environment. 6th edition. John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., New York.
9. Semple C and Steel MA (2003) Phylogenetics. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
10. Simpson MG (2006) Plant Systematics. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
11. Stuessy TF (2008) Plant Taxonomy: The systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data.
Columbia University Press, New York.
12. Swafford DL (2001) PAUP*. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (* and other methods),
version 4. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland.

Complete syllabus is in the attachment, please click on it………..

#12 September 1st, 2015, 05:14 PM

Sir,
plzzz give me some sample papers for preparing MSc entrance of DU of botany,

#13 August 8th, 2019, 12:19 AM

Hi buddy I want to get Delhi University (DU) MSc. Botany program syllabus for its exam preparation so will you plz let me know from where I can collect it so that I could do start my exam preparation ???

Aakashd · #14 August 8th, 2019, 12:21 AM

As you are asking for Delhi University (DU) MSc. Botany program syllabus for its exam preparation so on your demand I am providing same here :

1. CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Introduction to modern tools and techniques of cell biology: advances in light and electron
microscopy, techniques supplementing microscopy (cytochemistry, microprobe analysis, x-ray
diffraction, etc.), Cell fractionation and visualization/characterization of various cell fractions.
Cell components and their functions: Dynamic structure, functions and biogenesis of cell
wall and plasma membrane; new insights in structure and function of cytoplasmic cell
organelles and biopolymers; nucleus; its components, chromatin structure in eukaryotes,
condensation and packaging of DNA in prokaryotes, their dynamic state and role in gene
regulation; structure and function of plant cytoskeletal genes and gene products; protein sorting
and intracellular trafficking.
Cell multiplication and turnover: cell cycle and apoptosis
Gene structure, regulation and expression in eukaryotes: Gene and promoter architecture,
cistrons, regulatory sequences, enhancers and their mechanism of action, DNA replication;
transcription - RNA polymerases, transcription factors, Introns, RNA splicing, alternative
splicing, RNA stability - cap structure and function, polyadenylation; translation, posttranslational modifications.
Organellar genomes: Organization and function of mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes,
diversity and evolution of organelle genomes, chloroplast protein targeting to different
compartments, mitochondrial DNA and male sterility, transfer of genes between nucleus and
organelles.

2. GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS
Microbial Genetics: Viral and bacterial genomes and derived vectors; Recombination in
viruses and bacteria (transformation, conjugation and transduction); Fine structure of gene;
Prokaryotic gene regulation; Fungal genetics mating types and genetic exchange,
heterokaryosis, parasexual cycle.
Mendelian and Non-Mendelian Inheritance: Meiosis; Chromosome theory of inheritance;
Mendelian laws; Gene interactions; Organelle inheritance.
Eukaryotic Genome: Evolution, structure and organization; Gene regulation.
Recombination in Eukaryotes: Linkage and crossing over: basic concepts, linkage maps,
correlation of genetic and physical maps, molecular markers and construction of linkage maps;
Molecular mechanism of recombination; QTL mapping.
Mutation: Basic concept, spontaneous and induced mutations, allele theory, physical and
chemical mutagens; Molecular basis of mutations; Transposons and their use in mutagenesis
and gene tagging in plant systems; Oncogenes and cancer.
Concepts in: Developmental genetics; Behavioral genetics; Population genetics and
Quantitative genetics.
Cytogenetics: Chromosome: Structure and nomenclature, centromere and telomere; Sex
determination: mechanisms, sex chromosomes; Chromosomal aberrations: Duplications,
4
deficiencies/deletions, inversions, interchanges/translocations; Role of chromosomal
aberrations in crop evolution; Ploidy changes: Haploids, polyploids and aneuploids; Genome
analysis in crop plants; Molecular Cytogenetics: FISH, GISH, FIBER-FISH, Flow Cytogenetics,
Flow karyotyping, Applications of molecular cytogenetics