GSAT Syllabus

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Here I am giving you syllabus for GSAT entrance examination organizes by GITAM University for admission in various courses ..

GSAT 2014 Syllabus for M.Sc Applies Mathematics
(15 bits : 15 Marks )

Section – A
REAL NUMBER SYSTEM, SEQUENCES AND SERIES :
Field axioms, Dedikind’s axiom, Bolzano weistrass theorem, countability of sets, Sequences and their limits, subsequences, convergence and divergence of sequences, limit of a sequence, Cauchy sequences, Cauchy general principle of convergence, Definition of infinite series, necessary condition for convergence, Cauchy general principle of convergence, comparision test, nth root test, ratio test, integral test, Alternating series, Leibnitz test, Absolute convergence and conditional convergence.

LIMITS, CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIATION and INTEGRATION
Real valued Functions, Limit of a function, Algebra of limits, continuity of a function at a point, Uniform continuity. The derivative, The mean value theorems, Taylor’s Theorem. Riemann integral , Riemann integrable functions, Fundamental theorem on integral calculus.

VECTOR CALCULUS : Vector differentiation. Ordinary derivatives of vectors, Space curves, Continuity, Differentiability, Gradient, Divergence, Curl operators, Formulae involving these operators. Vector integration, Theorems of Gauss and Stokes, Green’s theorem in plane and applications of these theorems.

Section – B ( 20 bits : 20 Marks )
RINGS : Definition and basic properties, Fields, Integral domains, divisors of zero and Cancellation laws, Integral domains, The characteristic of a ring, some non – commutative rings, Matrices over a field, Homomorphism of Rings – Definition and elementary properties, Maximal and Prime ideals, Prime fields.

VECTOR SPACES : Vector spaces, Vector subspaces, Linear span, linear sum of two subspaces, Linear independence and dependence of vectors, Basis of vector space, Finite dimensional vector spaces, Linear transformations, linear operators, Range and null space of linear transformation, Rank and nullity of linear transformations.

INNER PRODUCT SPACES : Inner product spaces, Euclidean and unitary spaces, Norm or length of a vector, Schwartz inequality, Orthogonality, Orthonormal set, complete orthonormal set, Gram – Schmidt orthogonalisation process.

Section – C : ( 25 bits : 25 Marks )
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS : Linear differential equations; Exact differential equations; Simultaneous differential equations; Orthogonal trajectories. Equations solvable for p, x, y, Solution of homogeneous linear differential equations of order n with constant coefficients. Method of variation of parameters.

SOLID GEOMETRY : Equations of plane, Equations of a line, Angle between a line and a plane, The shortest distance between two lines. Definition and equation of the sphere, Intersection of a sphere and a line. Power of a point; Tangent plane. Plane of contact. Polar plane, Pole of a plane, Conjugate points, Conjugate planes; Radical plane. Coaxial system of spheres.

MATRICES : Determinants, properties of determinants, Elementary Matrix operations and Elementary Matrices, The rank of a matrix and matrix inverses, system of linear equations, eigen values and eigen vectors, diagonalisation, Cayley – Hamilton theorem.

GROUPS : Groups, Subgroups and cyclic subgroups. Permutations, Isomorphism – Definition and elementary properties, Cayley’s theorem, Groups of cosets, Normal subgroups – Factor groups, The fundamental theorem of homomorphisms.

Section – A ( 15 bits : 15 marks )
1. ( a ) RC and RL Circuits : Transient response of RL and RC circuits with step input– time constants. Frequency response of RC and RL circuits – Types of Filters : Low pass filter – High pass filter – frequency response – Passive differentiating and integrating circuits. Resonance : Series resonance and parallel resonance RLC circuits – Resonant frequency – Q factor – Band width – Selectivity.

b) Mechanics, Waves and Oscillations : Conservation of energy, Conservation linear momentum and Conservation of angular momentum, Kepler’s laws, Simple harmonic oscillator and solution of the differential equation, Compound pendulum, Torsion pendulum, Damped harmonic oscillator, Resonance.

2. a) PN Junction : Depletion region – Junction capacitance – Diode equation ( no derivation ) – Effect of temperature on reverse saturation current – construction, working, V – I characteristics and simple applications of i) Junction diode ii) Zener diode iii) Tunnel diode and iv) Varactor diode. OR
b) Interference, Diffraction and Polarization : Interference : Coherence, Interference by division of wave front, Interference by division of amplitude, Newton’s rings, Michelson’s Interferometer, Diffraction : Fraunhofer diffraction-single silt, Diffraction grating. Polarization : Methods of Polarization, Phenomenon of double refraction, Nicol’s prism.

3. a) Bipolar Junction Transistor ( BJT ) : PNP and NPN transistors – current components in BJT – BJT static characteristics ( Input and Output ) – Early effect – CB, CC,CE configurations ( cut off, active, and saturation regions ) CE configuration as two port network – h-parameters – h-parameter equivalent circuit. UJT, SCR OR
b) Electrostatics, Dielectrics, Magnetostatics and Electromagnetic wave equation : Coulomb’s law, Gauss’s law, Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor, Electrostatic energy of a charged capacitor, Relation between D, E and P, Dielectric constant and Electric susceptibility, Capacitor with a dielectric, Biot – savart’s law, Divergence of B, Ampere’s law, Solenoid, Hall effect., Faraday’s law, Lenz’s law, Time – varying magnetic field, Self – induction and mutual induction, Displacement current, Ampere’s law in general form, Maxwell’s equations, EM waves.

Section – B ( 20 bits : 20 marks )
4. a) Rectifiers – Halfwave, fullwave and bridge rectifiers – Efficiency- Ripple factor- regulation OR

b) Steady currents and Alternative currents : Current density, Equation of continuity, Electrical conductivity and Ohm’s law, Kirchhoff’s laws, Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems, Sinusoidal voltage and current amplitude, RMS value, Power factor, Reactance and Impedance, Inductive and capacitive reactance, Circuit with R and L and Circuit with R and C, Types of filters: low pass filter, high pass filter, Frequency response, LCR circuit, Q factor.

5. (a) Feedback : Positive and negative feedback- Effect of feedback on gain, band width, noise, input and output impedances. OR
b) Modern Physics : Bohr’s atomic theory, Sommerfield’s elliptic orbit theory, Vector atom model, Pauli’s exclusion principle, Stern and Gerlach experiment, Raman effect, De Broglie’s concept of matter waves, Electron diffraction, Planck’s quantum theory, Photoelectric effect, Compton effect, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, Schrödinger’s wave equation, properties of wave function.

6. (a) Operational Amplifiers : Differential amplifier – Block diagram of Op – Amp – Ideal characteristics of Op – Amp – Op – Amp parameters – Input resistance – Output resistance – Common mode rejection ratio ( CMMR ) – Slew rate – Offset voltages – Input bias current- Basic Op-Amp circuits – Inverting Op – Amp – Virtual ground- Non – inverting Op – Amp – Frequency response of Op – Amp. OR
b) Nuclear Physics : Basic properties of the nucleus: size, charge and mass, Nuclear forces, Semiempirical mass formula, Nuclear stability, Alpha, Beta and Gamma rays, G.M counter and Cyclotron.

7. (a) Communications : Need for modulation-Types of modulation- Amplitude, Frequency and Phase modulation. Advantages of modulation OR
b) Solid State Physics : Crystalline nature of matter, Crystal systems, Bravais lattices, Miller indices, Diffraction of X – rays, Band theory of solids , classification of matter on the basis of band theory, Semiconductors: P-Type and N-type semiconductors, Magnetic materials and their properties. Superconductivity : Meissner effect, Type – I and Type – II superconductors, isotope effect, energy gap. Spontaneous and Stimulated emission, Population inversion, He-Ne and Ruby lasers, Optical fiber, Principles of optical fiber communication.

Section – C ( 25 bits : 25 marks )
8. (a) Digital Electronics : Introduction to number systems, Logic gates OR, AND, NOT, X – OR, NAND, NOR gates – Truth tables Universal building blocks NAND and NOR gates. Laws of Boolean algebra De Morgan’s Theorems Simplification of Boolean expressions OR

b) Digital Electronics : Introduction to number systems, Logic gates OR, AND, NOT, X – OR, NAND, NOR gates – Truth tables Universal building blocks NAND and NOR gates. Laws of Boolean algebra De Morgan’s Theorems Simplification of Boolean expressions.

9. a) Combinational and Sequential circuits : Multiplexer and De – Multiplexer – Decoder, Half adder, Full adder and Parallel adder circuits. Flip flops – RS, D, JK and JK Master – Slave Counters and Registers OR

b) Diodes and Transistors : Junction diode, Volt – Ampere characteristics, Rectifiers : Half, Full and Bridge rectifiers – Ripple factor, Capacitive and inductive filters, Zener diode and its characteristics, Transistors, Currents in a transistor, DC Alpha, CB, CC and CE configurations, Characteristics of CE configuration.

10. (a) Introduction to Microprocessor : Intel 8085 Microprocessor – central processing unit CPU – arithmetic and logic unit ALU – timing and control unit – register organization – address, data and control buses- pin configuration of 8085 and its description. Instruction set of 8085, instruction and data formats- classification of instructions – addressing modes OR
b) Amplifiers, Oscillators and Modulation : Concept of an amplifier, classification of amplifiers, Oscillators, Modulation and detection : Amplitude modulation and Frequency modulation, Demodulation using diodes, Elementary principles of radio transmission and reception

Test Code No : 103
Section – A ( 15 bits : 15 Marks )
1. Chemistry of d – block elements : Characteristics of d-block elements.
2. Coordination Chemistry : Bonding theories – review of Werner’s theory, Valence bond theory, Crystal field theory.
3. Metal complexes : Labile and inert complexes, Ligand substitution reactions – SN1 and SN2, Substitution reactions of square planar complexes.
Section – B ( 20 bits : 20 Marks )
4. Structural theory in Organic Chemistry : Types of bond fission and organic reagents ( Electrophiloic, Nucleophilic ), Bond polarization, Electro negativity – Inductive effect.
5. Carbonyl compounds : Synthesis of aldehydes and ketones. Reactivity, Nucleophilic addition, Base catalysed reactions : a) Aldol, b) Cannizzaro reaction, c) Perkin reaction, d) Benzoin condensation; Oxidation of aldehydes, Reduction : Clemmensen reduction, Wolf – Kishner reduction, reduction with LiAlH4 and NaBH4.
6. Nitrogen compounds : Preparation of Nitroalkanes. Reactivity – halogenation, reaction with HONO, Amines ( Aliphatic and Aromatic ) : Classification into 10, 20, 30 Amines and Quarternary ammonium compounds.
Section – C ( 25 bits : 25 Marks )
7. Electrochemistry : Conductance, Kohlrausch’s law. Ostwald’s dilution law. Debye – Huckel – Onsagar’s equation for strong electrolytes. Transport number.
Electrode reactions, Nernst equation, Single electrode potential, Reference electrodes, Electrochemical series and its applications.
8. Chemical kinetics : Rate of reaction, Order and Molecularity, Derivation of rate constants, Effect of temperature, Theories of reaction rate, collision theory.
9. Atomic Structure : Blackbody radiation, Planck’s radiation law, photoelectric effect, Compton Effect, de Broglie’s hypothesis, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
10. Chemical Bonding : Valence bond theory, hybridization, Dipole moment , Molecular orbital theory.

( Test Code No : 104 )
Section – A ( 15 bits : 15 Marks )
1. Classification, structure, properties, functions, metabolic pathways and disorders of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, proteins and nucleic acids.
2. Laws of thermodynamics, concepts of free energy, entropy and enthalpy. Activation energy, rate of reaction, order of reaction and factors influencing the rate of a reaction. Nomenclature, preparation and properties of Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes. Aromaticity. Isomerism. Acid – base theories, oxidation – reduction reactions, pH and buffers. Solutions. Organic reactions – addition, substitution, free radical reactions and elimination reactions.
Section – B ( 20 bits : 20 Marks )
3. Structure of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. Structure and composition of Plasma membrane. Cell division – Mitosis and Meiosis. Ultra structure and functions of Cell organelles. Photosynthesis and photorespiration. Biological nitrogen fixation, Nitrogen cycle and Phytohormones.
4. Principles of Mendelian inheritance, back cross and test cross. Linkage and crossing over. Sex linkage, Sex determination and Cytoplasmic inheritance. Mutations. Biosphere, Biodiversity, Plant succession, Biological pyramids, food chain, food web. Theories of Organic Evolution.
5. Classification invertebrates and vertebrates. Structure and function of kidney, liver and heart. Physiology of muscle and nerve. Digestion and absorption of food. Vitamins, hormones and Mineral metabolism and deficiency disorders, diet therapy. Food groups and composition, calorific value of food stuffs, Respiratory quotient, BMR. Determination of protein quality and protein malnutrition disorders.
Section – C ( 25 bits : 25 Marks )
6. Nomenclature and classification of Enzymes. Factors affecting enzyme activity – Temperature, pH, substrate concentration. Enzyme inhibition, Coenzymes, metalloenzymes, allosteric enzymes, and isoenzymes, Food enzymes.
7. Organization of Genetic material, DNA replication, transcription and translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Inhibitors of Protein synthesis.
8. Techniques of chromatography, electrophoresis, centrifugation, spectroscopy and microscopy. Radio isotopes in biological sciences. Gene cloning, cloning vectors. Blotting techniques. DNA sequencing and gene transfer techniques. Applications of genetic engineering.
9. Concepts of immune response, cells and organs of the immune system, Complement system, hypersensitivity and autoimmune diseases. Principles of vaccination and vaccines, immunodiffusion, Immunoelectrophoresis, ELISA, RIA and monoclonal antibodies.
10. Classification and structure of bacteria and virus. Bacterial staining techniques. Isolation and cultivation of Bacteria and Bacteriophages. Bacterial growth curve. Methods of sterilization and pasteurization. Microbiology of water and milk. Clinically important bacteria and viruses. Bacterial recombination – transformation, conjugation and Transduction.

Test Code : 105
Section – A ( 15 bits : 15 marks )
1. Classification, structure, properties, functions, important metabolic pathways and metabolic disorders of carbohydrates, Lipids, amino acids, proteins and Nucleic acids. Chemistry, physiological role and disorders of hormones. Biological Nitrogen fixation and Nitrogen cycle. Photosynthesis.
2. Laws of Thermodynamics, concepts of free energy, entropy and enthalpy. Activation energy, rate of reaction, order of reactions and factors influencing the rate of a reaction. Acid – base theroies, oxidation-reduction reactions; use of indicators, pH and buffers, Types of solutions, normality and molarity.
Section – B ( 20 bits : 20 marks )
3. Classification and Structure of Bacteria and virus. Bacterial staining techniques. Isolation and cultivation of Bacteria and Bacteriophages. Bacterial growth curve and Kinetics. Clinically important bacteria and viruses. Bacterial recombination.
4. Atomic nucleus; Alpha, beta and gamma radiations; Law of radioactive decay; Decay constant; Half-life and measurement of radioactivity. Radioactive tracer techniques and their applications in biological sciences.
5. General awareness of the computer hardware – CPU, input and output devices, storage unit, ALU. Basic internet – LAN, WAN, MAN architecture, Web browsers, HTML, HTTP, MS – Office – Word, Excel, Power Point, Access.

Section – C ( 25 bits : 25 marks )
6. Organization of Genetic material, Replication, Transcription and Translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; Inhibitors of Protein synthesis. Principles of gene cloning, cloning vectors, DNA sequencing by chemical and Enzymatic methods.
7. Principles and applications of Chromatography, Electrophoresis and centrifugation techniques. Principles of Colorimetry, UV and Visible Spectroscopy. Nomenclature and Classification of Enzymes; factors affecting enzyme activity, Units of enzyme activity; Coenzymes, metalloenzymes, Allosteric enzymes and Isoenzymes; Enzyme inhibition – competitive, non – competitive and uncompetitive.
8. Concepts of immune response, Cells and organs of the immune system, Haptens, Adjuvants, Hypersensitivity, autoimmune diseases. Principles of Vaccination and vaccines, Immunodiffusion, Immunoelectrophoresis, ELISA, RIA and Monoclonal antibodies.
9. Classification of isomers, definition and examples of chain, functional and positional isomers, Stereoisomers, enantiomers and diastereomers. Geometrical isomerism. Types of Organic Reactions: addition ( Electrophilic, Nucleophilic ) substitution ( Electrophilic, Nucleophilic ), free radical reactions and Elimination reactions.
10. Basic concepts of probability, mean, Standard deviation, bionomial expression and t – test analysis of variance. Coefficient of correlation, simple linear regression equations and repression lines. Trigonometric functions and their equations. Basic concepts of Differential Calculus, Integral Calculus and Vectors. Types of matrices, Algebra of Matrices. Fundamentals of Differentiation and Integration.

( Test Code No. 106 )
Section – A ( 15 bits : 15 Marks )
Multidisciplinary nature of Environmental Studies : Definition, Scope and Importance – Need for Public Awareness.
Ecosystems : Concept of an ecosystem – Structure and function of an ecosystem – Producers, consumers and decomposers – Energy flow in the ecosystem – Food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids. Typical Structure of Ecosystems – Forest, Grassland, Desert and Aquatic ecosystems.
Biodiversity and its conservation : Biodiversity, Definition, Types of Man made Biodiversity ( Genetic, Species and Ecosystem ), Causes for depletion of biodiversity, Ecological importance of biodiversity Conservation of Biodiversity at national level.

Section – B ( 20 bits : 20 Marks )
Natural Resources : Forest resources – Use and over – exploitation, deforestation – Mining, dams and other effects on forest and tribal people.
Water Resources – Use and over utilization of surface and ground water – Floods, drought, dams – benefits and problems – Food resources : World food problems, effects of modern agriculture, fertilizer – pesticide problems, water logging and salinity.
Energy and Land resources: Solar Energy, Wind Energy, Types of Indian Soils, Reasons for depletion of fertile soil and conservation of soils.

Section – C ( 25 bits : 25 Marks )
Environmental Pollution : Definition, Cause, effects and control measures of Air pollution, Water pollution, Soil pollution and Noise pollution.
Solid waste Management : Causes, effects and control measures of urban and industrial wastes. – Role of an individual in prevention of pollution.
Social Issues and the Environment : From Unsustainable to Sustainable development – Urban problems related to energy – Water conservation, rain water harvesting, and watershed management.
Global Environmental Problems : Climate change, global warming, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, nuclear accidents.
Human Population and the Environment : Environment and human health. Trends of Population growth in urban areas, reasons for population explosion and its control.

Test Code No : 107
( Syllabus contains Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Environmental Education )
1. MATHEMATICS
Statements and Sets : statement, connectives, tautologies & contradictions, set, algebra of sets, disjoint sets, Venn diagrams.
Functions : definition, Types of functions: One-One, Onto, One – One Onto, inverse of a function, identity function, constant function.
Polynomials over integers : Remainder theorem, Horner’s method of synthetic division, quadratic inequalities in one variable, Binomial theorem, middle terms, constant term.

Real Numbers : Laws of rational indices, Modulus of a real number, absolute value inequalities ( greater than & less than type ).
Progressions : Arithmetic progression, Geometric progression.
Analytical Geometry : points in a plane, distance between the points, mid point, slope of a line, division of a segment internally and externally in a given ratio, area of a triangle given the coordinates of the three vertices, equations of straight lines in the standard forms.
Trigonometry : units of measurement of angles, trigonometric ratios & their definitions, behavior, trigonometric identities.
Statistics : Arithmetic Mean, Median, Mode, Empirical relation among Mean, Median and Mode.
Matrices : definition, addition, subtraction, multiplication, determinant, singular & non – singular matrices.
Computing : Algorithm, flow charts.

2. PHYSICS
Physics and Measurement : S I units, Fundamental, derived units, measuring instruments, Errors in measurement and Significant figures. Dimensions of Physical quantities, analysis and its applications.
Mechanics : Newton’s Laws of motion, Momentum, Law of conservation of linear momentum. Friction. Work done by a force; kinetic and potential energies, Potential energy of a spring, conservation of mechanical energy, Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.
Gravitation : The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity, Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. Escape velocity. Orbital velocity of a satellite.
Thermodynamics : Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, Heat, work and internal energy. First, Second law of thermodynamics, thermal expansion; specific heat capacity, latent heat. Conduction, convection and radiation, Newton’s law of cooling.
Oscillations and Waves : Simple pendulum, resonance. Wave motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of a wave. Displacement relation for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, Standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics, Beats, Doppler effect in sound.

Electrostatics and Magnetostatics : Electric field:, Electric flux, Gauss’s law. Electric potential, electric dipole. Electrical potential energy of a system. Electric current, Ohm’s law, ohmic and non – ohmic resistances, specific resistance, conductance, temperature dependence of resistivity, potentiometer, series and parallel combination of cells. Semiconductor devices. Ampere’s law. definition of ampere. Moving coil galvanometer, its current sensitivity, ammeter and voltmeter. magnetic dipole moment. Barmagnet, magnetic field lines; Earth’s magnetic field.
Optics : Properties of light, Total internal reflection. Deviation and Dispersion of light by a prism, Lens Formula, Magnification, Power of a Lens, Huygens’ principle. Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect, Einstein’s photoelectric equation; nature of light. de Broglie relation.

3. CHEMISTRY
Atomic Structure : Thomson and Rutherford atomic models; Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; Spectrum of hydrogen atom, Bohr’s model; Dual nature of matter, de – Broglie’s relation ship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Shapes of s, p and d orbitals; Rules for filling electron in orbital.

Chemical Bond : Chemical bond formation. Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; Concept of electro negativity, Fajan’s rule, dipole moment; Valency shell Electron Pair Repulsion ( VSPER ) theory and shapes of simple molecules – Concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals.

Periodic Table : Modern periodic law, s, p, d and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements ( tomic and ionic radii, ionization, valence, oxidation states and chemical reactivity )
Acids and Bases : Arrhenius, Bronsted – Lowry and Lewis acid base concepts and their ionization, acidbase equilibria and ionization constants, ionization of water, pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, buffer solutions.

Some basic principals of Organic Chemistry : Tetravalency of carbon; Shapes of simple molecules – hybridization ( s and p ); Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups : -C-C-, -C=C-, and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur; Homologous series; Isomerism – Structural. Nomenclature ( IUPAC ). general methods of preparation, properties and reactions. Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes.

4. BIOLOGY
Five Kingdom classification – Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi and animalia. Nutritional types of microorganisms. Bacteria- structure, nutrition, reproduction and economic importance.
Typical structure of plant cell, functions of plant cell organelles, structure of animal cell and tissues, mitosis and meiosis. Phytohormones. Enzymes – properties and major groups of enzymes
Photosynthesis & Respiration : photosynthetic pigments, light and dark reactions. Glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, Electron transport system.
Digestive system : Animal digestive system, sequences of digestion and absorption. Sources and deficiency diseases of water and fat soluble vitamins. Excretion : excretory organs in animals and man. Structure and function of Nephron.

Reproduction : Types of reproduction in animals. Ex: Paramoecium. Blood and its components. Blood groups and its importance. Coagulation of blood Endocrine system : endocrine glands and the role of their hormones in brief.
Biotechnology – Definition and applications. Plant & Tissue Culture.

5. Environmental Education
Man and Environment : Dimensions of environment – Physical biological and social. Human being and social partner in environmental education, Society and environment in India, Indian traditions customs and culture – past and Present, Population and environment, Impact of human activities on environment.
Environmental problems of urban and rural areas, Natural resources and their depletion. Stress on civic amenities supply of water and electricity, waste disposal, transport, health services. Vehicular emissions, Urbanization – land use housing migrating and floating population Role of society in development – public awareness through education ecoclubs, population education program, campaigns, public participation in decision making.
Environment and Development : Economic and social needs – as basic considerations for development, Agricultural and industry as major sectors of environment, Social factors affecting development – Poverty, affluence, education, employment, child marriage and child labour human health – HIV / AIDS / Social cultural and ethical values. Impact of development on environment – Resource depletion and environmental degradation.
Environmental Pollution and Control, Global Issues : Air, water, Soil, Noise and radiation pollution – sources and consequences. Ozone layer depletion and its effect, Green house effect : global warming and climate changes and their effects on human society, agriculture related diseases, Population related diseases, Disasters – natural and man made their impact on the environment. Strategies for reducing pollution and improving the environment.

Energy : Changing global pattern of energy consumption – from ancient to modern times, Rising demand for energy – fossil fuels and fire wood potential ( Indian context ) and limitations of each source of harnessing and environmental consequences of their use. Conventional energy sources – fossil fuels and firewood. Non – Conventional energy sources – Types of non – conventional sources ( biomass solar wind ocean hydel geothermal, nuclear ). Future sources of energy hydrogen alcohol, fuel cells, Enhancing efficiency of the devices and optimizing energy utilization.

Sustainable Agriculture : Need for sustainable agriculture, Green Revolution and its Impact on environment, Impact oft agrochemicals on environment, use of bio fertilizers, bio pesticides, biological pest control, integrated pest management, Applications of biotechnology in environment. Management of agricultural produce – storage, preservation, transportation and processing.

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