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![]() I want to need LSAT Sample Questions so please provide me in the PDF format And please give me the website also |
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You want to know the sample question papers for LSAT preparation, so here I am providing you with the required information of the same: Some content of the file has been given here: 1. If the last digit of an acceptable product code is 1, it must be true that the (A) first digit is 2 (B) second digit is 0 (C) third digit is 3 (D) fourth digit is 4 2. Which one of the following must be true about any acceptable product code? (A) The digit 1 appears in some position before the digit 2. (B) The digit 1 appears in some position before the digit 3. (C) The digit 2 appears in some position before the digit 3. (D) The digit 3 appears in some position before the digit 0. 3. If the third digit of an acceptable product code is not 0, which one of the following must be true? (A) The second digit of the product code is 2. (B) The third digit of the product code is 3. (C) The fourth digit of the product code is 0. (D) The fifth digit of the product code is 3. 4. Any of the following pairs could be the third and fourth digits, respectively, of an acceptable product code, EXCEPT: (A) 0, 1 (B) 3, 4 (C) 1, 0 (D) 3, 0 5. Which one of the following must be true about any acceptable product code? (A) There is exactly one digit between the digit 0 and the digit 1. (B) There is exactly one digit between the digit 1 and the digit 2. (C) There are at most two digits between the digit 1 and the digit 3. (D) There are at most two digits between the digit 2 and the digit 4. Questions 6–10 Exactly three films—Gambhir, Haseen, and Lehenga—are shown during a film club’s festival held on Thursday, Friday, and Saturday. Each film is shown at least once during the festival but never more than once on a given day. On each day at least one film is shown. Films are shown one at a time. The following conditions apply: On Thursday Haseen is shown, and no film is shown after it on that day. On Friday either Gambhir or Lehenga, but not both, is shown, and no film is shown after it on that day. On Saturday either Gambhir or Haseen, but not both, is shown, and no film is shown after it on that day. 6. Which one of the following could be a complete and accurate description of the order in which the films are shown at the festival? (A) Thursday: Lehenga, then Haseen; Friday: Lehenga; Saturday: Haseen (B) Thursday: Haseen; Friday: Gambhir, then Lehenga; Saturday: Lehenga, then Gambhir (C) Thursday: Haseen; Friday: Lehenga; Saturday: Lehenga, then Gambhir (D) Thursday: Gambhir, then Haseen, then Lehenga; Friday: Lehenga; Saturday: Gambhir 7. Which one of the following CANNOT be true? (A) Haseen is the last film shown on each day of the festival. (B) Lehenga is shown on each day of the festival. (C) Gambhir is shown second on each day of the festival. (D) A different film is shown first on each day of the festival. 8. If Lehenga is never shown again during the festival once Gambhir is shown, then which one of the following is the maximum number of film showings that could occur during the festival? (A) three (B) four (C) five (D) six 9. If Gambhir is shown exactly three times, Haseen is shown exactly twice, and Lehenga is shown exactly once, then which one of the following must be true? (A) All three films are shown on Thursday. (B) Exactly two films are shown on Saturday. (C) Haseen and Gambhir are both shown on Friday. (D) Gambhir is the only film shown on Saturday. 10. If Lehenga is shown exactly three times, Haseen is shown exactly twice, and Gambhir is shown exactly once, then which one of the following is a complete and accurate list of the films that could be the first film shown on Thursday? (A) Haseen (B) Lehenga (C) Gambhir, Haseen (D) Gambhir, Lehenga Questions 11–17 A cruise line is scheduling seven week-long voyages for the ship Azad. Each voyage will occur in exactly one of the first seven weeks of the season: weeks 1 through 7. Each voyage will be to exactly one of four destinations: Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Martinique, or Trinidad. Each destination will be scheduled for at least one of the weeks. The following conditions apply to Azad’s schedule: Jamaica will not be its destination in week 4. Trinidad will be its destination in week 7. Azad will make exactly two voyages to Martinique, and at least one voyage to Guadeloupe will occur in some week between those two voyages. Guadeloupe will be its destination in the week preceding any voyage it makes to Jamaica. No destination will be scheduled for consecutive weeks. 11. Which one of the following is an acceptable schedule of destinations for Azad, in order from week 1 through week 7? (A) Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Martinique, Trinidad, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Trinidad (B) Guadeloupe, Martinique, Trinidad, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Trinidad (C) Jamaica, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Trinidad (D) Martinique, Trinidad, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Trinidad 12. Which one of the following CANNOT be true about Azad’s schedule of voyages? (A) Azad makes a voyage to Trinidad in week 6. (B) Azad makes a voyage to Martinique in week 5. (C) Azad makes a voyage to Jamaica in week 6. (D) Azad makes a voyage to Jamaica in week 3. 13. If Azad makes a voyage to Trinidad in week 5, which one of the following could be true? (A) Azad makes a voyage to Trinidad in week 1. (B) Azad makes a voyage to Martinique in week 2. (C) Azad makes a voyage to Guadeloupe in week 3. (D) Azad makes a voyage to Martinique in week 4. 14. If Azad makes a voyage to Guadeloupe in week 1 and a voyage to Jamaica in week 5, which one of the following must be true? (A) Azad makes a voyage to Jamaica in week 2. (B) Azad makes a voyage to Martinique in week 6. (C) Azad makes a voyage to Martinique in week 3. (D) Azad makes a voyage to Guadeloupe in week 6. 15. If Azad makes a voyage to Guadeloupe in week 1 and to Trinidad in week 2, which one of the following must be true? (A) Azad makes a voyage to Martinique in week 3. (B) Azad makes a voyage to Martinique in week 4. (C) Azad makes a voyage to Martinique in week 5. (D) Azad makes a voyage to Guadeloupe in week 3. 16. If Azad makes a voyage to Martinique in week 3, which one of the following could be an accurate list of Azad’s destinations in week 4 and week 5, respectively? (A) Guadeloupe, Trinidad (B) Jamaica, Guadeloupe (C) Martinique, Trinidad (D) Trinidad, Jamaica 17. Which one of the following must be true about Azad’s schedule of voyages? (A) Azad makes a voyage to Guadeloupe either in week 1 or else in week 2. (B) Azad makes a voyage to Martinique either in week 2 or else in week 3. (C) Azad makes at most two voyages to Guadeloupe. (D) Azad makes at most two voyages to Jamaica. Questions 18–23 There are exactly three recycling centers in Ganga Nagar: Center 1, Center 2, and Center 3. Exactly five kinds of material are recycled at these recycling centers: glass, newsprint, plastic, tin, and wood. Each recycling center recycles at least two but no more than three of these kinds of material. The following conditions must hold: Any recycling center that recycles wood also recycles newsprint. Every kind of material that Center 2 recycles is also recycled at Center 1. Only one of the recycling centers recycles plastic, and that recycling center does not recycle glass. 18. Which one of the following could be an accurate account of all the kinds of material recycled at each recycling center in Ganga Nagar? (A) Center 1: newsprint, plastic, wood; Center 2: newsprint, wood; Center 3: glass, tin, wood (B) Center 1: glass, newsprint, tin; Center 2: glass, newsprint, tin; Center 3: newsprint, plastic, wood (C) Center 1: glass, newsprint, wood; Center 2: glass, newsprint, tin; Center 3: plastic, tin (D) Center 1: glass, plastic, tin; Center 2: glass, tin; Center 3: newsprint, wood 19. Which one of the following is a complete and accurate list of the recycling centers in Ganga Nagar any one of which could recycle plastic? (A) Center 1 only (B) Center 3 only (C) Center 1, Center 2 (D) Center 1, Center 3 20. If Center 2 recycles three kinds of material, then which one of the following kinds of material must Center 3 recycle? (A) glass (B) newsprint (C) plastic (D) tin 21. If each recycling center in Ganga Nagar recycles exactly three kinds of material, then which one of the following could be true? (A) Only Center 2 recycles glass. (B) Only Center 3 recycles newsprint. (C) Only Center 1 recycles plastic. (D) Only Center 3 recycles tin. 22. If Center 3 recycles glass, then which one of the following kinds of material must Center 2 recycle? (A) glass (B) newsprint (C) plastic (D) tin 23. If Center 1 is the only recycling center that recycles wood, then which one of the following could be a complete and accurate list of the kinds of material that one of the recycling centers recycles? (A) plastic, tin (B) newsprint, wood (C) newsprint, tin (D) glass, wood IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION ONLY. DO NOT WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION IN THE TEST. SECTION II Time—35 minutes 25 Questions Directions: The questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. For some questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer; that is, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question. You should not make assumptions that are by commonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage. After you have chosen the best answer, blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet. 1. Economist: Every business strives to increase its productivity, for this increases profits for the owners and the likelihood that the business will survive. But not all efforts to increase productivity are beneficial to the business as a whole. Often, attempts to increase productivity decrease the number of employees, which clearly harms the dismissed employees as well as the sense of security of the retained employees. Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main conclusion of the economist’s argument? (A) If an action taken to secure the survival of a business fails to enhance the welfare of the business’s employees, that action cannot be good for the business as a whole. (B) Some measures taken by a business to increase productivity fail to be beneficial to the business as a whole. (C) Only if the employees of a business are also its owners will the interests of the employees and owners coincide, enabling measures that will be beneficial to the business as a whole. (D) There is no business that does not make efforts to increase its productivity. (E) Decreasing the number of employees in a business undermines the sense of security of retained employees. 2. All Labrador retrievers bark a great deal. All Saint Bernards bark infrequently. Each of Rani’s dogs is a cross between a Labrador retriever and a Saint Bernard. Therefore, Rani’s dogs are moderate barkers. Which one of the following uses flawed reasoning that most closely resembles the flawed reasoning used in the argument above? (A) All students who study diligently make good grades. But some students who do not study diligently also make good grades. Jyoti studies somewhat diligently. Therefore, Jyoti makes somewhat good grades. (B) All type A chemicals are extremely toxic to human beings. All type B chemicals are nontoxic to human beings. This household cleaner is a mixture of a type A chemical and a type B chemical. Therefore, this household cleaner is moderately toxic. (C) All students at Hansa School live in Hari Nagar. All students at Eashan School live in Vijay Nagar. Members of the Prakash family attend both Hansa and Eashan. Therefore, some members of the Prakash family live in Hari Nagar and some live in Vijay Nagar. (D) All transcriptionists know shorthand. All engineers know calculus. Bala has worked both as a transcriptionist and as an engineer. Therefore, Bala knows both shorthand and calculus. (E) All of Karuna’s dresses are very well made. All of Chitra’s dresses are very badly made. Half of the dresses in this closet are very well made, and half of them are very badly made. Therefore, half of the dresses in this closet are Karuna’s and half of them are Chitra’s. 3. A century in certain ways is like a life, and as the end of a century approaches, people behave toward that century much as someone who is nearing the end of life does toward that life. So just as people in their last years spend much time looking back on the events of their life, people at a century’s end _______. Which one of the following most logically completes the argument? (A) reminisce about their own lives (B) fear that their own lives are about to end (C) focus on what the next century will bring (D) become very interested in the history of the century just ending (E) reflect on how certain unfortunate events of the century could have been avoided 4. Consumer: The latest Chintan Report suggests that Omkar prepackaged meals are virtually devoid of nutritional value. But the Chintan Report is commissioned by Dilip Foods, Omkar’s largest corporate rival, and early drafts of the report are submitted for approval to Dilip Foods’ public relations department. Because of the obvious bias of this report, it is clear that Omkar’s prepackaged meals really are nutritious. The reasoning in the consumer’s argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument (A) treats evidence that there is an apparent bias as evidence that the Chintan Report’s claims are false (B) draws a conclusion based solely on an unrepresentative sample of Omkar’s products (C) fails to take into account the possibility that Omkar has just as much motivation to create negative publicity for Dilip as Dilip has to create negative publicity for Omkar (D) fails to provide evidence that Dilip Foods’ prepackaged meals are not more nutritious than Omkar’s are (E) presumes, without providing justification, that Dilip Foods’ public relations department would not approve a draft of a report that was hostile to Dilip Foods’ products 5. Scientist: Earth’s average annual temperature has increased by about 0.5 degrees Celsius over the last century. This warming is primarily the result of the buildup of minor gases in the atmosphere, blocking the outward flow of heat from the planet. Which one of the following, if true, would count as evidence against the scientist’s explanation of Earth’s warming? (A) Only some of the minor gases whose presence in the atmosphere allegedly resulted in the phenomenon described by the scientist were produced by industrial pollution. (B) Most of the warming occurred before 1940, while most of the buildup of minor gases in the atmosphere occurred after 1940. (C) Over the last century, Earth received slightly more solar radiation in certain years than it did in others. (D) Volcanic dust and other particles in the atmosphere reflect much of the Sun’s radiation back into space before it can reach Earth’s surface. (E) The accumulation of minor gases in the atmosphere has been greater over the last century than at any other time in Earth’s history. 6. An undergraduate degree is necessary for appointment to the executive board. Further, no one with a felony conviction can be appointed to the board. Thus, Manu, an accountant with both a bachelor’s and a master’s degree, cannot be accepted for the position of Executive Administrator, since he has a felony conviction. The argument’s conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed? (A) Anyone with a master’s degree and without a felony conviction is eligible for appointment to the executive board. (B) Only candidates eligible for appointment to the executive board can be accepted for the position of Executive Administrator. (C) An undergraduate degree is not necessary for acceptance for the position of Executive Administrator. (D) If Manu did not have a felony conviction, he would be accepted for the position of Executive Administrator. (E) The felony charge on which Manu was convicted is relevant to the duties of the position of Executive Administrator. 7. Ethicist: The most advanced kind of moral motivation is based solely on abstract principles. This form of motivation is in contrast with calculated selfinterest or the desire to adhere to societal norms and conventions. The actions of which one of the following individuals exhibit the most advanced kind of moral motivation, as described by the ethicist? (A) Bobby contributed money to a local charity during a charity drive at work because he worried that not doing so would make him look stingy. (B) Walter contributed money to a local charity during a charity drive at work because he believed that doing so would improve his employer’s opinion of him. (C) Deepa’s employers engaged in an illegal but profitable practice that caused serious damage to the environment. Deepa did not report this practice to the authorities, out of fear that her employers would retaliate against her. (D) Jayashree’s employers engaged in an illegal but profitable practice that caused serious damage to the environment. Jayashree reported this practice to the authorities out of a belief that protecting the environment is always more important than monetary profit. (E) Lalitha’s employers engaged in an illegal but profitable practice that caused serious damage to the environment. Lalitha reported this practice to the authorities only because several colleagues had been pressuring her to do so. 8. Proponents of the electric car maintain that when the technical problems associated with its battery design are solved, such cars will be widely used and, because they are emission-free, will result in an abatement of the environmental degradation caused by auto emissions. But unless we dam more rivers, the electricity to charge these batteries will come from nuclear or coal-fired power plants. Each of these three power sources produces considerable environmental damage. Thus, the electric car _______. Which one of the following most logically completes the argument? (A) will have worse environmental consequences than its proponents may believe (B) will probably remain less popular than other types of cars (C) requires that purely technical problems be solved before it can succeed (D) will increase the total level of emissions rather than reduce it (E) will not produce a net reduction in environmental degradation 9. Although video game sales have increased steadily over the past 3 years, we can expect a reversal of this trend in the very near future. Historically, over three quarters of video games sold have been purchased by people from 13 to 16 years of age, and the number of people in this age group is expected to decline steadily over the next 10 years. Which one of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the argument? (A) Most people 17 years old or older have never purchased a video game. (B) Video game rentals have declined over the past 3 years. (C) New technology will undoubtedly make entirely new entertainment options available over the next 10 years. (D) The number of different types of video games available is unlikely to decrease in the near future. (E) Most of the people who have purchased video games over the past 3 years are over the age of 16. 10. Double-blind techniques should be used whenever possible in scientific experiments. They help prevent the misinterpretations that often arise due to expectations and opinions that scientists already hold, and clearly scientists should be extremely diligent in trying to avoid such misinterpretations. Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main conclusion of the argument? (A) Scientists’ objectivity may be impeded by interpreting experimental evidence on the basis of expectations and opinions that they already hold. (B) It is advisable for scientists to use double-blind techniques in as high a proportion of their experiments as they can. (C) Scientists sometimes neglect to adequately consider the risk of misinterpreting evidence on the basis of prior expectations and opinions. (D) Whenever possible, scientists should refrain from interpreting evidence on the basis of previously formed expectations and convictions. (E) Double-blind experimental techniques are often an effective way of ensuring scientific objectivity. 11. It is now a common complaint that the electronic media have corroded the intellectual skills required and fostered by the literary media. But several centuries ago the complaint was that certain intellectual skills, such as the powerful memory and extemporaneous eloquence that were intrinsic to oral culture, were being destroyed by the spread of literacy. So, what awaits us is probably a mere alteration of the human mind rather than its devolution. The reference to the complaint of several centuries ago that powerful memory and extemporaneous eloquence were being destroyed plays which one of the following roles in the argument? (A) evidence supporting the claim that the intellectual skills fostered by the literary media are being destroyed by the electronic media (B) an illustration of the general hypothesis being advanced that intellectual abilities are inseparable from the means by which people communicate (C) an example of a cultural change that did not necessarily have a detrimental effect on the human mind overall (D) evidence that the claim that the intellectual skills required and fostered by the literary media are being lost is unwarranted (E) possible evidence, mentioned and then dismissed, that might be cited by supporters of the hypothesis being criticized 12. Suppose I have promised to keep a confidence and someone asks me a question that I cannot answer truthfully without thereby breaking the promise. Obviously, I cannot both keep and break the same promise. Therefore, one cannot be obliged both to answer all questions truthfully and to keep all promises. Which one of the following arguments is most similar in its reasoning to the argument above? (A) It is claimed that we have the unencumbered right to say whatever we want. It is also claimed that we have the obligation to be civil to others. But civility requires that we not always say what we want. So, it cannot be true both that we have the unencumbered right to say whatever we want and that we have the duty to be civil. (B) Some politicians could attain popularity with voters only by making extravagant promises; this, however, would deceive the people. So, since the only way for some politicians to be popular is to deceive, and any politician needs to be popular, it follows that some politicians must deceive. (C) If we put a lot of effort into making this report look good, the client might think we did so because we believed our proposal would not stand on its own merits. On the other hand, if we do not try to make the report look good, the client might think we are not serious about her business. So, whatever we do, we risk her criticism. (D) If creditors have legitimate claims against a business and the business has the resources to pay those debts, then the business is obliged to pay them. Also, if a business has obligations to pay debts, then a court will force it to pay them. But the courts did not force this business to pay its debts, so either the creditors did not have legitimate claims or the business did not have sufficient resources. (E) If we extend our business hours, we will either have to hire new employees or have existing employees work overtime. But both new employees and additional overtime would dramatically increase our labor costs. We cannot afford to increase labor costs, so we will have to keep our business hours as they stand. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. 13. Standard aluminum soft-drink cans do not vary in the amount of aluminum that they contain. Fifty percent of the aluminum contained in a certain group (M) of standard aluminum soft-drink cans was recycled from another group (L) of used, standard aluminum softdrink cans. Since all the cans in L were recycled into cans in M and since the amount of material other than aluminum in an aluminum can is negligible, it follows that M contains twice as many cans as L. The conclusion of the argument follows logically if which one of the following is assumed? (A) The aluminum in the cans of M cannot be recycled further. (B) Recycled aluminum is of poorer quality than unrecycled aluminum. (C) All of the aluminum in an aluminum can is recovered when the can is recycled. (D) None of the soft-drink cans in group L had been made from recycled aluminum. (E) Aluminum soft-drink cans are more easily recycled than are soft-drink cans made from other materials. 14. A cup of raw milk, after being heated in a microwave oven to 50 degrees Celsius, contains half its initial concentration of a particular enzyme, lysozyme. If, however, the milk reaches that temperature through exposure to a conventional heat source of 50 degrees Celsius, it will contain nearly all of its initial concentration of the enzyme. Therefore, what destroys the enzyme is not heat but microwaves, which generate heat. Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument? (A) Heating raw milk in a microwave oven to a temperature of 100 degrees Celsius destroys nearly all of the lysozyme initially present in that milk. (B) Enzymes in raw milk that are destroyed through excessive heating can be replaced by adding enzymes that have been extracted from other sources. (C) A liquid exposed to a conventional heat source of exactly 50 degrees Celsius will reach that temperature more slowly than it would if it were exposed to a conventional heat source hotter than 50 degrees Celsius. (D) Milk that has been heated in a microwave oven does not taste noticeably different from milk that has been briefly heated by exposure to a conventional heat source. (E) Heating any liquid by microwave creates small zones within it that are much hotter than the overall temperature that the liquid will ultimately reach. 15. A new government policy has been developed to avoid many serious cases of influenza. This goal will be accomplished by the annual vaccination of high-risk individuals: everyone 65 and older as well as anyone with a chronic disease that might cause them to experience complications from the influenza virus. Each year’s vaccination will protect only against the strain of the influenza virus deemed most likely to be prevalent that year, so every year it will be necessary for all high-risk individuals to receive a vaccine for a different strain of the virus. Which one of the following is an assumption that would allow the conclusion above to be properly drawn? (A) The number of individuals in the high-risk group for influenza will not significantly change from year to year. (B) The likelihood that a serious influenza epidemic will occur varies from year to year. (C) No vaccine for the influenza virus protects against more than one strain of that virus. (D) Each year the strain of influenza virus deemed most likely to be prevalent will be one that had not previously been deemed most likely to be prevalent. (E) Each year’s vaccine will have fewer side effects than the vaccine of the previous year since the technology for making vaccines will constantly improve. 16. Tarun: Researchers at a local university claim that 61 percent of the information transferred during a conversation is communicated through nonverbal signals. But this claim, like all such mathematically precise claims, is suspect, because claims of such exactitude could never be established by science. Shilpa: While precision is unobtainable in many areas of life, it is commonplace in others. Many scientific disciplines obtain extremely precise results, which should not be doubted merely because of their precision. The statements above provide the most support for holding that Shilpa would disagree with Tarun about which one of the following statements? (A) Research might reveal that 61 percent of the information taken in during a conversation is communicated through nonverbal signals. (B) It is possible to determine whether 61 percent of the information taken in during a conversation is communicated through nonverbal signals. (C) The study of verbal and nonverbal communication is an area where one cannot expect great precision in one’s research results. (D) Some sciences can yield mathematically precise results that are not inherently suspect. (E) If inherently suspect claims are usually false, then the majority of claims made by scientists are false as well. 17. Hospital executive: At a recent conference on nonprofit management, several computer experts maintained that the most significant threat faced by large institutions such as universities and hospitals is unauthorized access to confidential data. In light of this testimony, we should make the protection of our clients’ confidentiality our highest priority. The hospital executive’s argument is most vulnerable to which one of the following objections? (A) The argument confuses the causes of a problem with the appropriate solutions to that problem. (B) The argument relies on the testimony of experts whose expertise is not shown to be sufficiently broad to support their general claim. (C) The argument assumes that a correlation between two phenomena is evidence that one is the cause of the other. (D) The argument draws a general conclusion about a group based on data about an unrepresentative sample of that group. (E) The argument infers that a property belonging to large institutions belongs to all institutions. 18. Modern science is built on the process of posing hypotheses and testing them against observations—in essence, attempting to show that the hypotheses are incorrect. Nothing brings more recognition than overthrowing conventional wisdom. It is accordingly unsurprising that some scientists are skeptical of the widely accepted predictions of global warming. What is instead remarkable is that with hundreds of researchers striving to make breakthroughs in climatology, very few find evidence that global warming is unlikely. The information above provides the most support for which one of the following statements? (A) Most scientists who are reluctant to accept the global warming hypothesis are not acting in accordance with the accepted standards of scientific debate. (B) Most researchers in climatology have substantial motive to find evidence that would discredit the global warming hypothesis. (C) There is evidence that conclusively shows that the global warming hypothesis is true. (D) Scientists who are skeptical about global warming have not offered any alternative hypotheses to explain climatological data. (E) Research in global warming is primarily driven by a desire for recognition in the scientific community. 19. Historian: The Land Party achieved its only national victory in Banestria in 1935. It received most of its support that year in rural and semirural areas, where the bulk of Banestria’s population lived at the time. The economic woes of the years surrounding that election hit agricultural and small business interests the hardest, and the Land Party specifically targeted those groups in 1935. I conclude that the success of the Land Party that year was due to the combination of the Land Party’s specifically addressing the concerns of these groups and the depth of the economic problems people in these groups were facing. Each of the following, if true, strengthens the historian’s argument EXCEPT: (A) In preceding elections the Land Party made no attempt to address the interests of economically distressed urban groups. (B) Voters are more likely to vote for a political party that focuses on their problems. (C) The Land Party had most of its successes when there was economic distress in the agricultural sector. (D) No other major party in Banestria specifically addressed the issues of people who lived in semirural areas in 1935. (E) The greater the degree of economic distress someone is in, the more likely that person is to vote. 20. Geetha: Munaf claims that the Aasa Nagar Neighbors Association overwhelmingly opposes the new water system, citing this as evidence of citywide opposition. The association did pass a resolution opposing the new water system, but only 25 of 350 members voted, with 10 in favor of the system. Furthermore, the 15 opposing votes represent far less than 1 percent of Aasa Nagar’s population. One should not assume that so few votes represent the view of the majority of Aasa Nagar’s residents. Of the following, which one most accurately describes Geetha’s strategy of argumentation? (A) questioning a conclusion based on the results of a vote, on the grounds that people with certain views are more likely to vote (B) questioning a claim supported by statistical data by arguing that statistical data can be manipulated to support whatever view the interpreter wants to support (C) attempting to refute an argument by showing that, contrary to what has been claimed, the truth of the premises does not guarantee the truth of the conclusion (D) criticizing a view on the grounds that the view is based on evidence that is in principle impossible to disconfirm (E) attempting to cast doubt on a conclusion by claiming that the statistical sample on which the conclusion is based is too small to be dependable 21. Driver: My friends say I will one day have an accident because I drive my sports car recklessly. But I have done some research, and apparently minivans and larger sedans have very low accident rates compared to sports cars. So trading my sports car in for a minivan would lower my risk of having an accident. The reasoning in the driver’s argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that this argument (A) infers a cause from a mere correlation (B) relies on a sample that is too narrow (C) misinterprets evidence that a result is likely as evidence that the result is certain (D) mistakes a condition sufficient for bringing about a result for a condition necessary for doing so (E) relies on a source that is probably not well-informed 22. Editorialist: News media rarely cover local politics thoroughly, and local political business is usually conducted secretively. These factors each tend to isolate local politicians from their electorates. This has the effect of reducing the chance that any particular act of resident participation will elicit a positive official response, which in turn discourages resident participation in local politics. Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the editorialist’s statements? (A) Particular acts of resident participation would be likely to elicit a positive response from local politicians if those politicians were less isolated from their electorate. (B) Local political business should be conducted less secretively because this would avoid discouraging resident participation in local politics. (C) The most important factor influencing a resident’s decision as to whether to participate in local politics is the chance that the participation will elicit a positive official response. (D) More-frequent thorough coverage of local politics would reduce at least one source of discouragement from resident participation in local politics. (E) If resident participation in local politics were not discouraged, this would cause local politicians to be less isolated from their electorate. 23. Philosopher: An action is morally right if it would be reasonably expected to increase the aggregate well-being of the people affected by it. An action is morally wrong if and only if it would be reasonably expected to reduce the aggregate wellbeing of the people affected by it. Thus, actions that would be reasonably expected to leave unchanged the aggregate well-being of the people affected by them are also right. The philosopher’s conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed? (A) Only wrong actions would be reasonably expected to reduce the aggregate well-being of the people affected by them. (B) No action is both right and wrong. (C) Any action that is not morally wrong is morally right. (D) There are actions that would be reasonably expected to leave unchanged the aggregate well-being of the people affected by them. (E) Only right actions have good consequences. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. 24. Car companies solicit consumer information on such human factors as whether a seat is comfortable or whether a set of controls is easy to use. However, designer interaction with consumers is superior to survey data; the data may tell the designer why a feature on last year’s model was given a low rating, but data will not explain how that feature needs to be changed in order to receive a higher rating. The reasoning above conforms most closely to which one of the following propositions? (A) Getting consumer input for design modifications can contribute to successful product design. (B) Car companies traditionally conduct extensive postmarket surveys. (C) Designers aim to create features that will appeal to specific market niches. (D) A car will have unappealing features if consumers are not consulted during its design stage. (E) Consumer input affects external rather than internal design components of cars. 25. During the nineteenth century, the French academy of art was a major financial sponsor of painting and sculpture in France; sponsorship by private individuals had decreased dramatically by this time. Because the academy discouraged innovation in the arts, there was little innovation in nineteenth century French sculpture. Yet nineteenth century French painting showed a remarkable degree of innovation. Which one of the following, if true, most helps to explain the difference between the amount of innovation in French painting and the amount of innovation in French sculpture during the nineteenth century? (A) In France in the nineteenth century, the French academy gave more of its financial support to painting than it did to sculpture. (B) The French academy in the nineteenth century financially supported a greater number of sculptors than painters, but individual painters received more support, on average, than individual sculptors. (C) Because stone was so much more expensive than paint and canvas, far more unsponsored paintings were produced than were unsponsored sculptures in France during the nineteenth century. (D) Very few of the artists in France in the nineteenth century who produced sculptures also produced paintings. (E) Although the academy was the primary sponsor of sculpture and painting, the total amount of financial support that French sculptors and painters received from sponsors declined during the nineteenth century. IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION ONLY. DO NOT WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION IN THE TEST. SECTION III Time—35 minutes 25 Questions Directions: The questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. For some questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer; that is, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question. You should not make assumptions that are by commonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage. After you have chosen the best answer, blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet. 1. Situation: Someone living in a cold climate buys a winter coat that is stylish but not warm in order to appear sophisticated. Analysis: People are sometimes willing to sacrifice sensual comfort or pleasure for the sake of appearances. The analysis provided for the situation above is most appropriate for which one of the following situations? (A) A person buys an automobile to commute to work even though public transportation is quick and reliable. (B) A parent buys a car seat for a young child because it is more colorful and more comfortable for the child than the other car seats on the market, though no safer. (C) A couple buys a particular wine even though their favorite wine is less expensive and better tasting because they think it will impress their dinner guests. (D) A person sets her thermostat at a low temperature during the winter because she is concerned about the environmental damage caused by using fossil fuels to heat her home. 2. After replacing his old gas water heater with a new, pilotless, gas water heater that is rated as highly efficient, Jairam’s gas bills increased. Each of the following, if true, contributes to an explanation of the increase mentioned above EXCEPT: (A) The new water heater uses a smaller percentage of the gas used by Jairam’s household than did the old one. (B) Shortly after the new water heater was installed, Jairam’s uncle came to live with him, doubling the size of the household. (C) After having done his laundry at a laundromat, Jairam bought and started using a gas dryer when he replaced his water heater. (D) Jairam’s utility company raised the rates for gas consumption following installation of the new water heater. 3. Champa: The artist Marc Quinn has displayed, behind a glass plate, biologically replicated fragments of Sir John Sulston’s DNA, calling it a “conceptual portrait” of Sulston. But to be a portrait, something must bear a recognizable resemblance to its subject. Anil: I disagree. Quinn’s conceptual portrait is a maximally realistic portrait, for it holds actual instructions according to which Sulston was created. The dialogue provides most support for the claim that Champa and Anil disagree over whether the object described by Quinn as a conceptual portrait of Sir John Sulston (A) should be considered to be art (B) should be considered to be Quinn’s work (C) bears a recognizable resemblance to Sulston (D) is actually a portrait of Sulston 4. Many corporations have begun decorating their halls with motivational posters in hopes of boosting their employees’ motivation to work productively. However, almost all employees at these corporations are already motivated to work productively. So these corporations’ use of motivational posters is unlikely to achieve its intended purpose. The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument (A) fails to consider whether corporations that do not currently use motivational posters would increase their employees’ motivation to work productively if they began using the posters (B) takes for granted that, with respect to their employees’ motivation to work productively, corporations that decorate their halls with motivational posters are representative of corporations in general (C) fails to consider that even if motivational posters do not have one particular beneficial effect for corporations, they may have similar effects that are equally beneficial (D) fails to consider that even if employees are already motivated to work productively, motivational posters may increase that motivation 5. Ahmed: An early entomologist observed ants carrying particles to neighboring ant colonies and inferred that the ants were bringing food to their neighbors. Further research, however, revealed that the ants were emptying their own colony’s dumping site. Thus, the early entomologist was wrong. Ahmed’s conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed? (A) Ant societies do not interact in all the same ways that human societies interact. (B) There is only weak evidence for the view that ants have the capacity to make use of objects as gifts. (C) Ant dumping sites do not contain particles that could be used as food. (D) The ants to whom the particles were brought never carried the particles into their own colonies. 6. Jaya, who owns a car dealership, has donated cars to driver education programs at area schools for over five years. She found the statistics on car accidents to be disturbing, and she wanted to do something to encourage better driving in young drivers. Some members of the community have shown their support for this action by purchasing cars from Jaya’s dealership. Which one of the following propositions is best illustrated by the passage? (A) The only way to reduce traffic accidents is through driver education programs. (B) Altruistic actions sometimes have positive consequences for those who perform them. (C) Young drivers are the group most likely to benefit from driver education programs. (D) It is usually in one’s best interest to perform actions that benefit others. 7. Amar: One can live a life of moderation by never deviating from the middle course. But then one loses the joy of spontaneity and misses the opportunities that come to those who are occasionally willing to take great chances, or to go too far. Madhuri: But one who, in the interests of moderation, never risks going too far is actually failing to live a life of moderation: one must be moderate even in one’s moderation. Amar and Madhuri disagree over (A) whether it is desirable for people occasionally to take great chances in life (B) what a life of moderation requires of a person (C) whether it is possible for a person to embrace other virtues along with moderation (D) how often a person ought to deviate from the middle course in life 8. Advertisement: Fabric-Soft leaves clothes soft and fluffy, and its fresh scent is a delight. We conducted a test using over 100 consumers to prove Fabric-Soft is best. Each consumer was given one towel washed with Fabric-Soft and one towel washed without it. Ninety-nine percent of the consumers preferred the Fabric-Soft towel. So Fabric-Soft is the most effective fabric softener available. The advertisement’s reasoning is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it fails to consider whether (A) any of the consumers tested are allergic to fabric softeners (B) Fabric-Soft is more or less harmful to the environment than other fabric softeners (C) the consumers tested had the opportunity to evaluate fabric softeners other than Fabric-Soft (D) the consumers tested find the benefits of using fabric softeners worth the expense 9. Naturalist: The recent claims that the Tasmanian tiger is not extinct are false. The Tasmanian tiger’s natural habitat was taken over by sheep farming decades ago, resulting in the animal’s systematic elimination from the area. Since then naturalists working in the region have discovered no hard evidence of its survival, such as carcasses or tracks. In spite of alleged sightings of the animal, the Tasmanian tiger no longer exists. Which one of the following is an assumption on which the naturalist’s argument depends? (A) Sheep farming drove the last Tasmanian tigers to starvation by chasing them from their natural habitat. (B) Some scavengers in Tasmania are capable of destroying tiger carcasses without a trace. (C) Every naturalist working in the Tasmanian tiger’s natural habitat has looked systematically for evidence of the tiger’s survival. (D) The Tasmanian tiger did not move and adapt to a different region in response to the loss of habitat. 10. Advertisers have learned that people are more easily encouraged to develop positive attitudes about things toward which they originally have neutral or even negative attitudes if those things are linked, with pictorial help rather than exclusively through prose, to things about which they already have positive attitudes. Therefore, advertisers are likely to _______. Which one of the following most logically completes the argument? (A) use little if any written prose in their advertisements (B) try to encourage people to develop positive attitudes about products that can be better represented pictorially than in prose (C) create advertisements containing pictures of things most members of the target audience like (D) highlight the desirable features of the advertised product by contrasting them pictorially with undesirable features of a competing product 11. Feathers recently taken from seabirds stuffed and preserved in the 1880s have been found to contain only half as much mercury as feathers recently taken from living birds of the same species. Since mercury that accumulates in a seabird’s feathers as the feathers grow is derived from fish eaten by the bird, these results indicate that mercury levels in saltwater fish are higher now than they were 100 years ago. The argument depends on assuming that (A) the proportion of a seabird’s diet consisting of fish was not as high, on average, in the 1880s as it is today (B) the amount of mercury in a saltwater fish depends on the amount of pollution in the ocean habitat of the fish (C) mercury derived from fish is essential for the normal growth of a seabird’s feathers (D) the process used to preserve birds in the 1880s did not substantially decrease the amount of mercury in the birds’ feathers GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. 12. Novel X and Novel Y are both semiautobiographical novels and contain many very similar themes and situations, which might lead one to suspect plagiarism on the part of one of the authors. However, it is more likely that the similarity of themes and situations in the two novels is merely coincidental, since both authors are from very similar backgrounds and have led similar lives. Which one of the following most accurately expresses the conclusion drawn in the argument? (A) Novel X and Novel Y are both semiautobiographical novels, and the two novels contain many very similar themes and situations. (B) The fact that Novel X and Novel Y are both semiautobiographical novels and contain many very similar themes and situations might lead one to suspect plagiarism on the part of one of the authors. (C) The author of Novel X and the author of Novel Y are from very similar backgrounds and have led very similar lives. (D) It is less likely that one of the authors of Novel X or Novel Y is guilty of plagiarism than that the similarity of themes and situations in the two novels is merely coincidental. 13. Therapist: Cognitive psychotherapy focuses on changing a patient’s conscious beliefs. Thus, cognitive psychotherapy is likely to be more effective at helping patients overcome psychological problems than are forms of psychotherapy that focus on changing unconscious beliefs and desires, since only conscious beliefs are under the patient’s direct conscious control. Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the therapist’s argument? (A) Psychological problems are frequently caused by unconscious beliefs that could be changed with the aid of psychotherapy. (B) It is difficult for any form of psychotherapy to be effective without focusing on mental states that are under the patient’s direct conscious control. (C) Cognitive psychotherapy is the only form of psychotherapy that focuses primarily on changing the patient’s conscious beliefs. (D) No form of psychotherapy that focuses on changing the patient’s unconscious beliefs and desires can be effective unless it also helps change beliefs that are under the patient’s direct conscious control. For more information on sample question papers I am uploading a PDF file which is free to download:
__________________ Answered By StudyChaCha Member Last edited by Vinodt; February 12th, 2014 at 04:15 PM. |
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